In: Prichard H M, Potts P J, Bowles J F W, Cribb S J, eds. The use of mantle normalization and metal ratios in discriminating the effects of partial melting, crystal fractionation and sulphide segregation on platinum group elements, gold, nickel and copper: Examples from Norway. Integrating earlier studies and new data, we show that some of the late Mesozoic lode gold deposits in the North China Craton may have formed from magmatic hydrothermal fluids due to the extension and partial melting of the hydrated, metasomatized subcontinental lithosphere mantle, as best exemplified by the Wulong gold deposit.īarnes S J, Boyd R, Korneliussen A, Nilsson L P, Often M, Pedersen R B, Robins B. We use the Liaodong peninsula of the North China Craton as an example to demonstrate the significance of mantle-derived fluids. While we acknowledge the critical role of metamorphically derived fluids in the genesis of such deposits worldwide, we emphasize that mantle- or basaltic magma-derived fluids may have been much more important than commonly thought. In this review paper, we summarize the major features of lode gold deposits, possible sources of ore-forming fluids, and mechanisms of gold mineralization. Although ore-forming fluids were mostly derived from devolatization of sedimentary and/or volcanic sequences during greenschist to amphibolite facies metamorphism associated with orogenic deformation, magmatic hydrothermal fluids have been increasingly shown to be important in many gold deposits in various regions. Sources of ore-forming fluids and other components are of critical importance in a better understanding of the genesis and the geodynamic controls of these deposits. Globally, they formed mainly in three time intervals, 2.8 to 2.5 Ga, 2.1 to 1.8 Ga, and 700 Ma to the present. Lode gold deposits are among the most economically important types of gold deposits in the world.
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